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Estimates of the association of sexual orientation with CRC and PSA testing may provide useful information to planners and providers of prevention outreach and clinical services for gay/bisexual men.
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19 However, these screening practices could lead to harmful therapies that impair patient functioning and well-being without improving outcomes. 16 – 18 Despite the lack of a known association between HIV and prostate cancer, some clinicians working in the gay community maintain that HIV-positive men should receive PSA testing at ages younger than those recommended by clinical guidelines in order to avoid HIV-related complications of treatment for advanced cancers. 14 There is evidence that CRC is more common among HIV patients, 15 and that it develops at an earlier age and is more aggressive than it is among persons without HIV. This gap in the literature is a concern from both public health and clinical perspectives, given the relatively high prevalence of HIV in the gay/bisexual male population. Several studies suggest that lesbians are less likely than heterosexual women to receive cancer screening 13 however, no quantitative analyses have compared the use of cancer tests between gay/bisexual and heterosexual men. 7 – 12 Relatively little information, however, is available on the association of cancer testing with sexual orientation. Previous work has shown that the use of prostate and colorectal cancer testing differs by patient race/ethnicity, income, education, and other characteristics. 5 Although stronger evidence exists for the efficacy of routine CRC testing, national data suggest that men in the general population are more likely to be tested for prostate cancer. Preventive Services Task Force has concluded that current evidence does not support PSA testing. For example, the American Cancer Society recommends annual PSA testing for men age 50 and over, 4 whereas the U.S. 2, 3 By contrast, there is less support from randomized controlled trials for the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, and a low level of agreement between different clinical preventive guidelines. 1 Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is widely recommended for adults age 50 and over, based on evidence that early detection can decrease cancer incidence and mortality through the identification of preclinical lesions. Demographic information is being collected for research purposes only and will be kept strictly confidential.Prostate and colorectal cancers are the second and third most common causes of cancer deaths among men in the United States, exceeded only by lung cancer. The test is also available in Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Arabic, Italian, Malay, French, Spanish, German, Hungarian, Dutch, Korean, and Japanese.īefore we get to the test itself, we'll ask you a few basic questions about yourself. If you are conducting research and would like to collect raw data for a group that is taking this test - for a business, research study, classroom activity, or other purpose - please see our Group Testing Instructions. This test will show you where you are on the Sexual Orientation Continuum, and it will also calculate your Sexual Orientation Range, an estimate of how much flexibility you have in expressing your sexual orientation. Robert Epstein, one of America's most distinguished research psychologists (follow on Twitter at The test has been empirically validated with a sample of more than 600,000 people in 219 countries and territories.Īlthough many people believe that everyone is either "straight" (heterosexual) or "gay" (homosexual), sexual orientation actually exists on a continuum.
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You are about to take the Epstein Sexual Orientation Inventory (ESOI), a test of sexual orientation designed by Dr.